555 timer voltage doubler.

W

Wayne

Guest
I have been seeing a few circuit that incorporate a 555 IC to generate
pulses at a higher voltage than the input.

Is this reliable? All I am wanting to do, as an experiment, is to run a
chain of LEDs.

It is all hypothetical at this stage as I am only at the planning phase.
 
I have been seeing a few circuit that incorporate a 555 IC to generate
pulses at a higher voltage than the input.

Is this reliable? All I am wanting to do, as an experiment, is to run a
chain of LEDs.
Click to expand...
Why reinven the wheel!

http://www.reconnsworld.com/power_voltdoubler.html
 
Joe G (Home) wrote:
I have been seeing a few circuit that incorporate a 555 IC to generate
pulses at a higher voltage than the input.

Is this reliable? All I am wanting to do, as an experiment, is to run a
chain of LEDs.


Why reinven the wheel!

http://www.reconnsworld.com/power_voltdoubler.html
Click to expand...
That is the site that prompted me to ask.
 
"Wayne" <userid@isp.com> schreef in bericht
news:476b827a$0$20624$5a62ac22@per-qv1-newsreader-01.iinet.net.au...
Joe G (Home) wrote:
I have been seeing a few circuit that incorporate a 555 IC to generate
pulses at a higher voltage than the input.

Is this reliable? All I am wanting to do, as an experiment, is to run a
chain of LEDs.


Why reinven the wheel!

http://www.reconnsworld.com/power_voltdoubler.html




That is the site that prompted me to ask.
Click to expand...
The circuit is reliable but the voltage will drop fast when you load it (as
stated in the text). I doubt it to be usefull for a chain of LEDS. You'd
better use the power source as is and put the LEDs (or shorter chain of
LEDs) in parallel.

petrus bitbyter
 
petrus bitbyter wrote:
"Wayne" <userid@isp.com> schreef in bericht
news:476b827a$0$20624$5a62ac22@per-qv1-newsreader-01.iinet.net.au...
Joe G (Home) wrote:
I have been seeing a few circuit that incorporate a 555 IC to generate
pulses at a higher voltage than the input.
Is this reliable? All I am wanting to do, as an experiment, is to run a
chain of LEDs.

Why reinven the wheel!

http://www.reconnsworld.com/power_voltdoubler.html



That is the site that prompted me to ask.

The circuit is reliable but the voltage will drop fast when you load it (as
stated in the text). I doubt it to be usefull for a chain of LEDS. You'd
better use the power source as is and put the LEDs (or shorter chain of
LEDs) in parallel.

petrus bitbyter
Click to expand...
I plugged the circuit into LTSpice. The result for a 12v supply had the
output voltage at 20v, and with a single LED down to 18v.

I know that SPICE has a margin for error, but for the cost involved, it
is easier for me to get a 24+v power supply.
 
"Wayne" <userid@isp.com> wrote in message
news:476c54aa$0$20638$5a62ac22@per-qv1-newsreader-01.iinet.net.au...
petrus bitbyter wrote:
"Wayne" <userid@isp.com> schreef in bericht
news:476b827a$0$20624$5a62ac22@per-qv1-newsreader-01.iinet.net.au...
Joe G (Home) wrote:
I have been seeing a few circuit that incorporate a 555 IC to generate
pulses at a higher voltage than the input.
Is this reliable? All I am wanting to do, as an experiment, is to run
a chain of LEDs.

Why reinven the wheel!

http://www.reconnsworld.com/power_voltdoubler.html



That is the site that prompted me to ask.

The circuit is reliable but the voltage will drop fast when you load it
(as stated in the text). I doubt it to be usefull for a chain of LEDS.
You'd better use the power source as is and put the LEDs (or shorter
chain of LEDs) in parallel.

petrus bitbyter

I plugged the circuit into LTSpice. The result for a 12v supply had the
output voltage at 20v, and with a single LED down to 18v.

I know that SPICE has a margin for error, but for the cost involved, it is
easier for me to get a 24+v power supply.
Click to expand...
If you want increased voltage at a decent amount of power, use the 555 in a
self boosting SMPS configuration.

Feed the 555's Vcc via an inductor & forward biased diode (cathode to Vcc
pin - inductor to supply I/P) then drive a MOSFET with the 555's O/P and
connect the drain to the junction of the diode/inductor. You will need
voltage sensing and control of the M/S ratio as even with the minimum 4.5
Vcc, the boosted voltage will easily exceed the 555's Vcc max. A very simple
way of regulation is burst mode, sense the boosted voltage and switch the
reset pin when the voltage exceeds a set value - use a large electrolytic on
Vcc.
 
petrus bitbyter wrote:
"Wayne" <userid@isp.com> schreef in bericht
news:476b827a$0$20624$5a62ac22@per-qv1-newsreader-01.iinet.net.au...

Joe G (Home) wrote:

I have been seeing a few circuit that incorporate a 555 IC to generate
pulses at a higher voltage than the input.

Is this reliable? All I am wanting to do, as an experiment, is to run a
chain of LEDs.


Why reinven the wheel!

http://www.reconnsworld.com/power_voltdoubler.html




That is the site that prompted me to ask.


The circuit is reliable but the voltage will drop fast when you load it (as
stated in the text). I doubt it to be usefull for a chain of LEDS. You'd
better use the power source as is and put the LEDs (or shorter chain of
LEDs) in parallel.

petrus bitbyter
Click to expand...
1N4148s are a lot better than 1N400x, which are SLOW. Im too lazy to
sim/calc the switching frequency, but with a 10nF cap and a 15k (ish)
timing resistor it'll be around 10kHz or so.

make sure the caps are good low ESR caps, eg Rubycon ZLH series. If you
got it from DSE, its probably crap.

and for a bit more grunt, place a complementary emitter follower between
the 555 and the first cap. NPN + PNP, bases tied together connects to
555 with 100R resistor. Emitters tied together connects to cap. NPN
collector to +12V, PNP collector to 0V. BC327 + BC337 is a good start,
bigger transistors = more grunt (technical term)

Cheers
Terry
 
"Terry Given" <my_name@ieee.org> wrote in message
news:1199278841.293123@ftpsrv1...
petrus bitbyter wrote:
"Wayne" <userid@isp.com> schreef in bericht
news:476b827a$0$20624$5a62ac22@per-qv1-newsreader-01.iinet.net.au...

Joe G (Home) wrote:

I have been seeing a few circuit that incorporate a 555 IC to generate
pulses at a higher voltage than the input.

Is this reliable? All I am wanting to do, as an experiment, is to run
a chain of LEDs.


Why reinven the wheel!

http://www.reconnsworld.com/power_voltdoubler.html




That is the site that prompted me to ask.


The circuit is reliable but the voltage will drop fast when you load it
(as stated in the text). I doubt it to be usefull for a chain of LEDS.
You'd better use the power source as is and put the LEDs (or shorter
chain of LEDs) in parallel.

petrus bitbyter

1N4148s are a lot better than 1N400x, which are SLOW. Im too lazy to
sim/calc the switching frequency, but with a 10nF cap and a 15k (ish)
timing resistor it'll be around 10kHz or so.

make sure the caps are good low ESR caps, eg Rubycon ZLH series. If you
got it from DSE, its probably crap.

and for a bit more grunt, place a complementary emitter follower between
the 555 and the first cap. NPN + PNP, bases tied together connects to 555
with 100R resistor. Emitters tied together connects to cap. NPN collector
to +12V, PNP collector to 0V. BC327 + BC337 is a good start, bigger
transistors = more grunt (technical term)

Cheers
Terry
Click to expand...
Complementary emitter followers are great for beefing up the drive current,
but don't forget that each B/E junction costs you 0.7V off the drive
amplitude - certainly significant where the Vcc is 5V and the peak O/P may
be a bit less impressive even with 12V Vcc.

The bipolar 555 can source/sink 200mA which is more than plenty for driving
a diode capacitor charge pump.
 
ian field wrote:
"Terry Given" <my_name@ieee.org> wrote in message
news:1199278841.293123@ftpsrv1...

petrus bitbyter wrote:

"Wayne" <userid@isp.com> schreef in bericht
news:476b827a$0$20624$5a62ac22@per-qv1-newsreader-01.iinet.net.au...


Joe G (Home) wrote:


I have been seeing a few circuit that incorporate a 555 IC to generate
pulses at a higher voltage than the input.

Is this reliable? All I am wanting to do, as an experiment, is to run
a chain of LEDs.


Why reinven the wheel!

http://www.reconnsworld.com/power_voltdoubler.html




That is the site that prompted me to ask.


The circuit is reliable but the voltage will drop fast when you load it
(as stated in the text). I doubt it to be usefull for a chain of LEDS.
You'd better use the power source as is and put the LEDs (or shorter
chain of LEDs) in parallel.

petrus bitbyter

1N4148s are a lot better than 1N400x, which are SLOW. Im too lazy to
sim/calc the switching frequency, but with a 10nF cap and a 15k (ish)
timing resistor it'll be around 10kHz or so.

make sure the caps are good low ESR caps, eg Rubycon ZLH series. If you
got it from DSE, its probably crap.

and for a bit more grunt, place a complementary emitter follower between
the 555 and the first cap. NPN + PNP, bases tied together connects to 555
with 100R resistor. Emitters tied together connects to cap. NPN collector
to +12V, PNP collector to 0V. BC327 + BC337 is a good start, bigger
transistors = more grunt (technical term)

Cheers
Terry


Complementary emitter followers are great for beefing up the drive current,
but don't forget that each B/E junction costs you 0.7V off the drive
amplitude - certainly significant where the Vcc is 5V and the peak O/P may
be a bit less impressive even with 12V Vcc.
Click to expand...
and a PITA at 3.3V Vcc

The bipolar 555 can source/sink 200mA which is more than plenty for driving
a diode capacitor charge pump.
Click to expand...
depends entirely on the load. OP wants to drive LEDs.....

but C = 220uF, dV = 12V so dT = C*dV/I = 220uF*12V/0.2A = 13ms

OK the 200mA isnt a fixed figure, but what the aforementioned calc shows
is that the current limited output effectively gives a lower bound on
the output impedance & hence regulation.

NB: 12V/0.2A = 60R, so Tau = 13ms.

This suggests that there is a meaningful upper bound on the amount of
capacitance you can drive - making it larger increases Tau, and once Tau
gets up near the switching period, the load regulation gets worse. Im
not going to analyse it, but its pretty obvious Zout will have a minimum
for some value of C, getting larger with smaller C, and asymptotically
approaching Zmax = (impedance of 555 + ESR of cap) for larger C.

high ESR caps and pitifully slow diodes add to the total output impedance.

Toss in an emitter follower (FZT651/FZT751 and now you get 5A), the
effective slew rate goes up (dt = 0.5ms into 220uF), the effective Z555
drops (to about 2R4), Zout drops.....

Cheers
Terry
 
"Terry Given" <my_name@ieee.org> wrote in message
news:1199307575.281292@ftpsrv1...
ian field wrote:
"Terry Given" <my_name@ieee.org> wrote in message
news:1199278841.293123@ftpsrv1...

petrus bitbyter wrote:

"Wayne" <userid@isp.com> schreef in bericht
news:476b827a$0$20624$5a62ac22@per-qv1-newsreader-01.iinet.net.au...


Joe G (Home) wrote:


I have been seeing a few circuit that incorporate a 555 IC to
generate pulses at a higher voltage than the input.

Is this reliable? All I am wanting to do, as an experiment, is to
run a chain of LEDs.


Why reinven the wheel!

http://www.reconnsworld.com/power_voltdoubler.html




That is the site that prompted me to ask.


The circuit is reliable but the voltage will drop fast when you load it
(as stated in the text). I doubt it to be usefull for a chain of LEDS.
You'd better use the power source as is and put the LEDs (or shorter
chain of LEDs) in parallel.

petrus bitbyter

1N4148s are a lot better than 1N400x, which are SLOW. Im too lazy to
sim/calc the switching frequency, but with a 10nF cap and a 15k (ish)
timing resistor it'll be around 10kHz or so.

make sure the caps are good low ESR caps, eg Rubycon ZLH series. If you
got it from DSE, its probably crap.

and for a bit more grunt, place a complementary emitter follower between
the 555 and the first cap. NPN + PNP, bases tied together connects to 555
with 100R resistor. Emitters tied together connects to cap. NPN collector
to +12V, PNP collector to 0V. BC327 + BC337 is a good start, bigger
transistors = more grunt (technical term)

Cheers
Terry


Complementary emitter followers are great for beefing up the drive
current, but don't forget that each B/E junction costs you 0.7V off the
drive amplitude - certainly significant where the Vcc is 5V and the peak
O/P may be a bit less impressive even with 12V Vcc.

and a PITA at 3.3V Vcc


The bipolar 555 can source/sink 200mA which is more than plenty for
driving a diode capacitor charge pump.

depends entirely on the load. OP wants to drive LEDs.....

but C = 220uF, dV = 12V so dT = C*dV/I = 220uF*12V/0.2A = 13ms

OK the 200mA isnt a fixed figure, but what the aforementioned calc shows
is that the current limited output effectively gives a lower bound on the
output impedance & hence regulation.

NB: 12V/0.2A = 60R, so Tau = 13ms.

This suggests that there is a meaningful upper bound on the amount of
capacitance you can drive - making it larger increases Tau, and once Tau
gets up near the switching period, the load regulation gets worse. Im not
going to analyse it, but its pretty obvious Zout will have a minimum for
some value of C, getting larger with smaller C, and asymptotically
approaching Zmax = (impedance of 555 + ESR of cap) for larger C.

high ESR caps and pitifully slow diodes add to the total output impedance.

Toss in an emitter follower (FZT651/FZT751 and now you get 5A), the
effective slew rate goes up (dt = 0.5ms into 220uF), the effective Z555
drops (to about 2R4), Zout drops.....

Cheers
Terry
Click to expand...
If the OP wants significant power output then my earlier suggestion might be
useful, make a boost converter by driving a MOSFET to switch the current
through an inductor, the data sheet suggests the 555 guaranteed down to 4.5V
but most chips will go down to about 3V - this is a bit low for fully
efficient gate drive so it may be convenient to supply the 555 from the
boosted rail, the flyback voltage can easily boost the voltage to more than
the recommended Vcc max so I'd suggest using a zener and transistor to shunt
the reset pin as a coarse burst mode regulation - the CV pin can be used to
vary the duty cycle for more precise regulation.
 
ian field wrote:
"Terry Given" <my_name@ieee.org> wrote in message
news:1199307575.281292@ftpsrv1...

ian field wrote:

"Terry Given" <my_name@ieee.org> wrote in message
news:1199278841.293123@ftpsrv1...


petrus bitbyter wrote:


"Wayne" <userid@isp.com> schreef in bericht
news:476b827a$0$20624$5a62ac22@per-qv1-newsreader-01.iinet.net.au...



Joe G (Home) wrote:



I have been seeing a few circuit that incorporate a 555 IC to
generate pulses at a higher voltage than the input.

Is this reliable? All I am wanting to do, as an experiment, is to
run a chain of LEDs.


Why reinven the wheel!

http://www.reconnsworld.com/power_voltdoubler.html




That is the site that prompted me to ask.


The circuit is reliable but the voltage will drop fast when you load it
(as stated in the text). I doubt it to be usefull for a chain of LEDS.
You'd better use the power source as is and put the LEDs (or shorter
chain of LEDs) in parallel.

petrus bitbyter

1N4148s are a lot better than 1N400x, which are SLOW. Im too lazy to
sim/calc the switching frequency, but with a 10nF cap and a 15k (ish)
timing resistor it'll be around 10kHz or so.

make sure the caps are good low ESR caps, eg Rubycon ZLH series. If you
got it from DSE, its probably crap.

and for a bit more grunt, place a complementary emitter follower between
the 555 and the first cap. NPN + PNP, bases tied together connects to 555
with 100R resistor. Emitters tied together connects to cap. NPN collector
to +12V, PNP collector to 0V. BC327 + BC337 is a good start, bigger
transistors = more grunt (technical term)

Cheers
Terry


Complementary emitter followers are great for beefing up the drive
current, but don't forget that each B/E junction costs you 0.7V off the
drive amplitude - certainly significant where the Vcc is 5V and the peak
O/P may be a bit less impressive even with 12V Vcc.

and a PITA at 3.3V Vcc


The bipolar 555 can source/sink 200mA which is more than plenty for
driving a diode capacitor charge pump.

depends entirely on the load. OP wants to drive LEDs.....

but C = 220uF, dV = 12V so dT = C*dV/I = 220uF*12V/0.2A = 13ms

OK the 200mA isnt a fixed figure, but what the aforementioned calc shows
is that the current limited output effectively gives a lower bound on the
output impedance & hence regulation.

NB: 12V/0.2A = 60R, so Tau = 13ms.

This suggests that there is a meaningful upper bound on the amount of
capacitance you can drive - making it larger increases Tau, and once Tau
gets up near the switching period, the load regulation gets worse. Im not
going to analyse it, but its pretty obvious Zout will have a minimum for
some value of C, getting larger with smaller C, and asymptotically
approaching Zmax = (impedance of 555 + ESR of cap) for larger C.

high ESR caps and pitifully slow diodes add to the total output impedance.

Toss in an emitter follower (FZT651/FZT751 and now you get 5A), the
effective slew rate goes up (dt = 0.5ms into 220uF), the effective Z555
drops (to about 2R4), Zout drops.....

Cheers
Terry


If the OP wants significant power output then my earlier suggestion might be
useful, make a boost converter by driving a MOSFET to switch the current
through an inductor, the data sheet suggests the 555 guaranteed down to 4.5V
but most chips will go down to about 3V - this is a bit low for fully
efficient gate drive
Click to expand...
thats an understatement. for voltages that low, you need to use a FET
spec'd for operation at Vgs = 2.7V. "ordinary" FETs have Vth = 3-4V or
so, and are seriously unimpressive when Vgs isnt much larger than Vth. I
recently had to replace a 2N7002 with an NDS355AN for this very reason
(Vcc = +3.3V).

A little bipolar is probably a better choice for low Vcc - it'll be
happy down to 0.8V. Just bang a 1nF speed-up cap across the base
resistor. even the humble BC547 works pretty fast when you do that - I
have had built ~ 100,000 not gates using BC847 & BC857s (SMT versions of
547 & 557) with 10k Rb and 1nF speedup caps - slew + propagation delay <
70ns. The not gates were used to invert the primary SMPS FET gate drive
to then drive the synchronous rectifiers, in a 36-72V:2.8V 50W DC-DC
converter (94% efficient, NO heatsinking, inside an IP56 plastic box)
used to drive a 12x12 RGB pixel array, forming one tile of an LED video
screen. 4x3 tiles arranged into a 48x36 pixel panel (840mm x 630mm), buy
as many panels as you want (US$5k/m^2) :)

besides, FETs and bipolars are basically the same from a driving
perspective; the only difference is that bipolars have a mechanism to
automagically suck out base charge, so you have to keep sticking it back
in there. From a turn-on perspective though, its just about injecting
charge fast enough.

so it may be convenient to supply the 555 from the
boosted rail, the flyback voltage can easily boost the voltage to more than
the recommended Vcc max so I'd suggest using a zener and transistor to shunt
the reset pin as a coarse burst mode regulation - the CV pin can be used to
vary the duty cycle for more precise regulation.
Click to expand...
the OP certainly could. Of course the post was re. a 555 SC doubler,
which is why I talked about it. An even simpler SC doubler would use a
CD40106. Put all 6 gates in parallel, then set the compound gate up us a
relaxation oscillator - 10k from OP to IP, 10n from IP to 0V (values
wild-assed guess). OP drives a diode pump a-la the 555 version (of
course using 1N4148s and low ESR caps). output impedance can be improved
by soldering another Cd40106 directly on top of the first. Repeat until
stack gets unwieldy... :)

This works even better when Vcc < 7V, as you can use a 74HC14 (down to
about 2V!), which is a LOT gruntier than a CD40106, 6 in parallel pumps
out more than 0.5A! add a sizeable NPN/PNP complementary emitter
follower, and you can poke thru quite a bit of power.....


and if you are going to make a smps, make it properly. by the time you
piss around enough to make a crude smps controller from a 555, you might
as well buy a UC3842, and get some decent functionality. for a novice,
peak current mode control should be mandatory, it'll save quite a lot of
dead parts.

Cheers
Terry
 
"Terry Given" <my_name@ieee.org> wrote in message
news:1199401297.115526@ftpsrv1...
ian field wrote:
"Terry Given" <my_name@ieee.org> wrote in message
news:1199307575.281292@ftpsrv1...

ian field wrote:

"Terry Given" <my_name@ieee.org> wrote in message
news:1199278841.293123@ftpsrv1...


petrus bitbyter wrote:


"Wayne" <userid@isp.com> schreef in bericht
news:476b827a$0$20624$5a62ac22@per-qv1-newsreader-01.iinet.net.au...



Joe G (Home) wrote:



I have been seeing a few circuit that incorporate a 555 IC to
generate pulses at a higher voltage than the input.

Is this reliable? All I am wanting to do, as an experiment, is to
run a chain of LEDs.


Why reinven the wheel!

http://www.reconnsworld.com/power_voltdoubler.html




That is the site that prompted me to ask.


The circuit is reliable but the voltage will drop fast when you load
it (as stated in the text). I doubt it to be usefull for a chain of
LEDS. You'd better use the power source as is and put the LEDs (or
shorter chain of LEDs) in parallel.

petrus bitbyter

1N4148s are a lot better than 1N400x, which are SLOW. Im too lazy to
sim/calc the switching frequency, but with a 10nF cap and a 15k (ish)
timing resistor it'll be around 10kHz or so.

make sure the caps are good low ESR caps, eg Rubycon ZLH series. If you
got it from DSE, its probably crap.

and for a bit more grunt, place a complementary emitter follower
between the 555 and the first cap. NPN + PNP, bases tied together
connects to 555 with 100R resistor. Emitters tied together connects to
cap. NPN collector to +12V, PNP collector to 0V. BC327 + BC337 is a
good start, bigger transistors = more grunt (technical term)

Cheers
Terry


Complementary emitter followers are great for beefing up the drive
current, but don't forget that each B/E junction costs you 0.7V off the
drive amplitude - certainly significant where the Vcc is 5V and the peak
O/P may be a bit less impressive even with 12V Vcc.

and a PITA at 3.3V Vcc


The bipolar 555 can source/sink 200mA which is more than plenty for
driving a diode capacitor charge pump.

depends entirely on the load. OP wants to drive LEDs.....

but C = 220uF, dV = 12V so dT = C*dV/I = 220uF*12V/0.2A = 13ms

OK the 200mA isnt a fixed figure, but what the aforementioned calc shows
is that the current limited output effectively gives a lower bound on the
output impedance & hence regulation.

NB: 12V/0.2A = 60R, so Tau = 13ms.

This suggests that there is a meaningful upper bound on the amount of
capacitance you can drive - making it larger increases Tau, and once Tau
gets up near the switching period, the load regulation gets worse. Im not
going to analyse it, but its pretty obvious Zout will have a minimum for
some value of C, getting larger with smaller C, and asymptotically
approaching Zmax = (impedance of 555 + ESR of cap) for larger C.

high ESR caps and pitifully slow diodes add to the total output
impedance.

Toss in an emitter follower (FZT651/FZT751 and now you get 5A), the
effective slew rate goes up (dt = 0.5ms into 220uF), the effective Z555
drops (to about 2R4), Zout drops.....

Cheers
Terry


If the OP wants significant power output then my earlier suggestion might
be useful, make a boost converter by driving a MOSFET to switch the
current through an inductor, the data sheet suggests the 555 guaranteed
down to 4.5V but most chips will go down to about 3V - this is a bit low
for fully efficient gate drive

thats an understatement. for voltages that low, you need to use a FET
spec'd for operation at Vgs = 2.7V. "ordinary" FETs have Vth = 3-4V or so,
and are seriously unimpressive when Vgs isnt much larger than Vth. I
recently had to replace a 2N7002 with an NDS355AN for this very reason
(Vcc = +3.3V).
Click to expand...
In my experience with using a 555 in a self boosting configuration, even a
low gate drive will invoke enough drain current to get things going, from
that point onwards the Vcc rises rapidly. The circuit I built used a MOSFET
liberated from the SMPSU of a scrap monitor - I can't remember the type but
I think it needed about 6 - 8V for full conduction (the circuit was powered
by a 4.8V NiCd pack), the first prototype didn't have any regulation and the
Vcc shot up to about 30V, the spec sheet for the Hitachi 555 I used said Vcc
max 18V so its a miracle it survived. The boosted Vcc was brought under
control by tying the reset pin to Vcc via a 4k7 resistor and shunting it
with a control transistor who's base was fed from the boosted Vcc via a
zener and current limiting resistor. This crude regulation was adequate for
my application so I left it at that, but if the OP is driving LEDs there
might be a noticeable fluctuation in the brightness, so a little extra
circuitry driving the CV pin might be needed to provide continuous smooth MS
ratio control. Since LED brightness is directly related to current, I'd
suggest using an OP-AMP to compare the voltage across a current sensing
resistor with a reference voltage and directly control the CV pin.
>
 
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